•how did the shift from craft to factory work in the mid-nineteenth century affect workingmen

From a perspective of historical materialism, the shift from craft to factory work changed the urban landscape, populating the big cities and forcing the population of rural areas to migrate to the urban centers in order to find job and the means to survive. This in turn created great disparities between the factory owners —capitalists in general— and the workingmen. Exploitation of the latter became the norm, but so did social unrest and upheaval; labor unions became more widespread and with them came more rights for the people in general which prompted new political ideas centered around the notion of the Welfare state, justice and equality. In many ways, it is safe to argue that the shift just explored coincides with the rise of capitalism and a new strife for workingmen to secure their survival and dignified living conditions.

The life of a person living in Sumer in 2500 B.C. was the following.

Early Sumerians stopped being nomads and finally settled in one territory.They settled in the middle of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, in the Middle East.These early Sumerians developed advanced agriculture techniques that allowed them to grow and prosper. They understood the flooding of the rivers to grow good crops. That is how the established important city-states such as Eridu, Nippur, Lagash, Kish, and Uruk.

Now, let's compare it with life in 500 BC.

In 500 BC, there started to be more specialization of jobs. The economic activity developed and crafters, artisans, traders, and merchants grew.Trade with other regions was more common.During this time, there were rivalries that led to conflicts, differences, and battles. There was social instability in many places.Powerful kings tried to increase their power and presence, conquering other lands.

We conclude that Sumeria was the older civilization on planet Earth. They were the first to settle in one place after being nomads. They developed advanced agriculture techniques to take advantage of the flooding of the rivers and establishing important city-states.

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