In the early 1930s, what happened to the governments in Germany and Italy?

Fascist dictators assumed power.

Parliamentary governments had difficulty forming coalitions.

Leaders rose to meet the challenges of the times.

Democracy prevailed with governments struggling to pay off war debts.

Here's the order:

Details:

Ptolemy (ca. 100-150 AD) was an astronomer, mathematician and geographer in the Roman Empire era.  Ptolemy's map of the world was a map based on descriptions in Ptolemy's book, Geography, which dates back to around the year 150 AD.

Prince Henry the Navigator started the first school for oceanic navigation at Sagres, Portugal, for training in navigation, map-making, and science. The date of founding of the school (and even full details about it) are a bit uncertain, but it seems to have been established in about 1418.  Prince Henry was called "The Navigator" because of his strong support for sending out ocean exploration voyages.

Caravels were developed by the Portuguese around the middle of the 15th century (around 1450).  These more agile ships were better suited to ocean sailing than previous ship models used in the calmer waters of the Mediterranean Sea.