The cia succeeded in overthrowing the governments of which two nations during the 1950s?
iraq
guatemala
nicaragua
iran

The CIA succeeded in overthrowing the governments of these two nations during the 1950s Iran and Guatemala. The CIA backed a coup in 1953 to overthrow the government of Iran. This secret activity was to establish a pro-United States government. The main natural resource is crude oil. The CIA also backed up a coup in Guatemala in 1952, to prevent the spread of Communism in Latin America.

 Cesare Beccaria:

He was an italian criminologist, jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. He graduated in law from University of Pavia in 1758. Later in his mid-twenties, he, along with Pietro and Alessandro Verri, formed a literary society named "L'Accademia dei pugni" (the Academy of Fists). They would discuss the most on topics focused on reforming the criminal justice system.  His most outstanding piece published is "On Crimes and Punishments", which he wrote in 1764. Beccaria´s book was the first critical analysis of capital punishment that demanded its abolition. In the book he argues against torture because he believes it is cruel and unnecessary.

Montesquieu:

He was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher. He became a counselor of the Bordeaux Parliament in 1714. He spend a year in Italy and a year and a half in England, where he became a freemason (part of a fraternal organization), admitted to the Horn Tavern Lodge in Westmisnter. The basic principles of the organization were inspired by the ideal of tolerance and universal understanding of the Enlightenment and by the Scientific Revolution.He got himself literary success with the publication of his 1721 Persian Letter; However, The Spirit of the Laws was a book that quicky rose political influence in Europe and America. This book was at first published anonymously in 1748 and in 1751 it was included in the Index of Prohibited, in France, along with other works of him.