The paleontologist gave a brilliant lecture. paleo is from a greek word for ancient. what does paleontologist mean in the sentence?

The paleontologist is someone who studies the bones and other fossils left behind of creatures that used to inhabit our planet in hopes of learning more about Earth's history. Since they are giving a lecture to others, they must be someone who has studied a great deal or made significant discoveries. 

1) it depends on which part of India you are talking about, if it is west India which is a part of Pakistan then it is Umayyad caliphate. if the area is the majority of the Indian subcontinent, then it is Mughal empire 
2) I believe it is Quanah Parker
3) the 5 pillars of Islam are: 1) Shahada or the declaration of faith saying that there is no god but god and Muhammad is god's messenger. 2) Salat or recitation of prayers (5 times daily in the direction of the Kaaba in mecca). 3) Zakat or payment to the poor. 4) Sawm or fasting from dusk until dawn in the month of Ramadan. 5) The Hajj or pilgrimage to mecca