What is fairness doctrine and how was it used?

The Fairness Doctrine was a policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), introduced in 1949, that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was — in the Commission's view — honest, equitable, and balanced.

Fear of nuclear attack, building large numbers of fallout shelters, increased study of science and math (Space Race), and heightened world tensions are all effects of the arms race