Which factor had the most impact on independence movements in south american colonies? a) the Napoleonic Wars in Europe
b) the creation of the United States Constitution
c) the capture of the Haiti’s Toussaint Louverture
d) the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna

I think it’s gonna be b.

Agreed on Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean (which Magellan helped name because of its peacefulness).

Magellan discovered a shorter route to the Spice Islands (Indonesia) through a strait in the south of South America. It was later became known the Strait of Magellan.
He believed one could circumnavigate the globe but he did not live to see this happen. His crew proved it for him.
I couldn't find where he actually discovered the Philippines; he did stop there & traded items.