Who gained the territories that rome lost

There was an on going battle for it but eventually Hungary won then the Romanians took over Transylvania  which would have been part of Rome.

Explanation:

A tax assessed on non-Muslims.

Explanation:

The jizya is a Muslim law with which the non-Muslims are obligated to pay tax. To be more specific, the people that live in a Muslim country but have not accepted the Islam as their religion, but on the other hand are fine with living under Muslim rule and laws, have to pay this tax.

The non-Muslims living in a Muslim country get protection from the state and are allowed to live and prosper in it, though are not allowed to be part of the military. Because they are allowed to live in the country and get its protection despite not being Muslims themselves, they pay the jizya, which is a compensation for it. In modern times this is pretty much eliminated, and it will fall into a category of religious persecution if its practiced.