Causal models a. provide evidence of a causal relationship between an independent variable and the variable to be forecast. b. use the average of the most recent data values in the time series as the forecast for the next period. c. relate a time series to other variables that are believed to explain or cause its behavior. d. occur whenever all the independent variables are previous values of the same time series.

A. provide evidence of a causal relationship between an independent variable and the variable to be forecast

Step-by-step explanation: Casual model tends to show the cause and effect relationship between the dependent variable to be forcasted and the independent variables upon which the dependent variable is dependent.

Casual model is frequently used in the field of Statistics and Economics when making forcasts about future investments or the cause of certain events,knowing what activities to carry out in the future.