Y=1/2(x + 4)^2 – 3

what is the vertex of this parabola, and how do I get it?

I believe the answer is: a. Most Europeans are employed in the mining industry.

The most employees during that time work in either railroad and automobiles industry. Since a lot of them used product from the mining industry, people often mistake them. The industry started to shifted from railroad into textile and consumer goods in the mid 1900s.