How many protons make an atom

Depends on what kind of atom it is. The number of protons can be seen in the periodic table as the atomic number. The number of proton within an atom is always equal to the number of electron.

F=dP/dt.  So you want the momentum to change as slowly as possible in time to minimize the force.  So as you catch the egg, let your hand move backward with it for awhile, slowly bringing it to a stop.  If you hold your hand steady when you catch it the force due to the impact could break it.