Transferring information from a sphere, such as earth, to a flat surface, such as a map, is known as

a. projection.
b. distortion.
c. orientation.
d. cartography.

Transferring information from a sphere, such as Earth, to a flat surface, such as a map, is known as projection.

Option A

Explanation:

The art of drawing maps which shows the terrain of Earth is known as cartography. One of the parts of cartography is termed as map projection. The map projection or projection is the process of transferring information from the sphere such as Earth to a flat surface of maps.

As the flat surface should include latitudes and longitude precisely to easy determination of location while navigation, the map projection should be done carefully and accurately.

The projection works on the principle of transferring the positioning of latitudes and longitudes and any changes to the places nearby every longitudes and latitudes.

1.97 × 10⁻¹⁸J

Explanation:

Charge of an electron  q = -1.9 × 10⁻¹⁹C

Length of one side of the equilateral triangle at whose corners electrons are placed d = 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁰m

Coulomb constant k = 8.99 × 10⁹Nm²/C²

electrostatic potential = (3 kq²) / d

= (3 × 8.99 × 10⁹ × (-1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹)²) / 3.5 × 10⁻¹⁰

= 1.97 × 10¹⁸J