In contrast to modern societies, a person’s lifelong position in most premodern societies was mostly determined by the:

In pre-modern societies, status differentiation is widely varied. In some cases it can be quite rigid and class based, such as with the Indian caste system. In contrast to modern societies, a person’s lifelong position in most premodern societies was mostly determined by the caste he/she belongs.

18 W

Explanation:

Applying,

P = V²/R Equation 1

Where P = Power of both glowing bulbs, V = Voltage, R = Combined Resistance of both bulbs

Since: It is a series circuit,

Then,

R = R1+R2 Equation 2

Where R1= Resistance of the first bulb, R2 = Resistance of the second bulb

Given: R1 = R2 = 8 Ω

Substitute into equation 1

R = 8+8

R = 16 Ω

Also Given: V = 12 V

Substitute into equation 1

P = 12²/8

P = 144/8

P = 18 W