aceves5493
30.01.2020 •
Social Studies
Which country created the east india company that controlled indian ocean trade by the end of the 1600s?
Solved
Show answers
More tips
- P Philosophy How did the concept of module arise in computer science?...
- F Food and Cooking How to Cook Julienne? Recipes and Tips...
- H Health and Medicine At What Age Does a Person Stop Growing?...
- F Family and Home How to Choose a Name for Your Baby?...
- F Food and Cooking Discover the Health Benefits of Cedar Nuts...
- L Leisure and Entertainment Scrapbooking: What is it and Why is it Becoming More Popular?...
- L Leisure and Entertainment Carving: History and Techniques for Creating Vegetable and Fruit Decorations...
- F Food and Cooking How to Make Sushi: A Step-by-Step Guide to Perfectly Rolled Delights...
- T Travel and tourism Maldives Adventures: What is the Best Season to Visit the Luxurious Beaches?...
- F Food and Cooking Аэрогриль: Все, что нужно знать для подготовки здоровой и вкусной пищи...
Answers on questions: Social Studies
- S Social Studies What is the importance of the federal system...
- S Social Studies PLEASE HELP ME. THANK YOU SO MUCH...
- S Social Studies Dr. Alvarez from the University of Puerto Rico provides Julio with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something Dr. Alvarez likes. The doctor then...
- S Social Studies During inhalation, the thoracic cavity ; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity . Multiple Choice a.returns to its normal, resting size; b.becomes smaller than its...
- S Social Studies If Lucy Hale (star of Pretty Little Liars) appears on Good Morning Americaand talks about her upcomingalbum and how great it is going to be, the viewing audience is...
- S Social Studies Select one political leader from the russian revolution-joseph stalin,vladmir lenin ,or leon trotsky.research this leader and write an essay of atleast 250 words that...
- S Social Studies In paragraphs 9 through 11 of the excerpt from Sybil, or The Two Nations, what does the author achieve by including the first-person point of view? HELP HURRY...
- S Social Studies Using Table 2, find one Psalm from the five books that would relate to the topical themes that are noted in the table. Then briefly explain how the Psalm example you...
- M Mathematics D=6 and e=2: 4e + d +12 -2e...
- M Mathematics Round 18.9465 to the nearest thousandth....
Ответ:
I just took the test it is the Netherlands
Ответ:
Claudette Colvin is a civil rights activist who, before Rosa Parks, refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger. She was arrested and became one of four plaintiffs in Browder v. Gayle, which ruled that Montgomery's segregated bus system was unconstitutional. Colvin later moved to New York City and worked as a nurse's aide. She retired in 2004.
Early Life
Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. Growing up in one of Montgomery's poorer neighborhoods, Colvin studied hard in school. She earned mostly As in her classes and aspired to become president one day.
On March 2, 1955, Colvin was riding home on a city bus after school when a bus driver told her to give up her seat to a white passenger. She refused, saying, "It's my constitutional right to sit here as much as that lady. I paid my fare, it's my constitutional right." Colvin felt compelled to stand her ground. "I felt like Sojourner Truth was pushing down on one shoulder and Harriet Tubman was pushing down on the other—saying, 'Sit down girl!' I was glued to my seat," she later told Newsweek.
Arrested for Violating Segregation Laws
After her refusal to give up her seat, Colvin was arrested on several charges, including violating the city's segregation laws. For several hours, she sat in jail, completely terrified. "I was really afraid, because you just didn't know what white people might do at that time," Colvin later said. After her minister paid her bail, she went home where she and her family stayed up all night out of concern for possible retaliation.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People briefly considered using Colvin's case to challenge the segregation laws, but they decided against it because of her age. She also had become pregnant and they thought an unwed mother would attract too much negative attention in a public legal battle. Her son, Raymond, was born in March 1956.
In court, Colvin opposed the segregation law by declaring herself not guilty. The court, however, ruled against her and put her on probation. Despite the light sentence, Colvin could not escape the court of public opinion. The once-quiet student was branded a troublemaker by some, and she had to drop out of college. Her reputation also made it impossible for her to find a job.
Plaintiff in 'Browder v. Gayle'
Despite her personal challenges, Colvin became one of the four plaintiffs in the Browder v. Gayle case, along with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith (Jeanatta Reese, who was initially named a plaintiff in the case, withdrew early on due to outside pressure). The decision in the 1956 case, which had been filed by Fred Gray and Charles D. Langford on behalf of the aforementioned African American women, ruled that Montgomery's segregated bus system was unconstitutional.
Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. She retired in 2004.
Legacy and 'Claudette Colvin Goes to Work'
Much of the writing on civil rights history in Montgomery has focused on the arrest of Parks, another woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus, nine months after Colvin. While Parks has been heralded as a civil rights heroine, Colvin's story has received little notice. Some have tried to change that. Rita Dove penned the poem "Claudette Colvin Goes to Work," which later became a song. Phillip Hoose also wrote about her in the young adult biography Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice.
While her role in the fight to end segregation in Montgomery may not be widely recognized, Colvin helped advance civil rights efforts in the city. "Claudette gave all of us moral courage. If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. Parks," her former attorney, Fred Gray, told Newsweek.