1. psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. these include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and: a) drive reduction. b) 360-degree feedback. c) refractory periods. d) basal metabolic rate. e) a fixed behavior pattern.

A) drive reduction

Explanation:

Motivation is the urge that fuels and directs human with the energy to accomplish a given task. Motivational theory is accustomed  with the role of  searching for what drives individuals to work towards a goal or a task.

The drive reduction theory explains  physiological ideology  required bring out  an aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Instincts Theory reflects innate and  fixed pattern of complex behavior in animals. For example, making holes of crabs for safety.  

Optimum Arousal Theory drive people to engage in certain activities in the quest to keep up with an optimum level of physiological arousal.

Hierarchy of motives: According to Maslow's pyramid, hierarchy of motives is explained based on need to satiate or quench the least physiological needs in order to be active before subsequent level needs.

D

Explanation: