Fragmentation occurs when a large area of ecosystem is divided into smaller, isolated areas due to deforestation. After fragmentation, changes to the ecosystem can occur. Which is most likely an effect of fragmentation on an ecosystem? a. Animal species in the fragmented area utilize new food sources in the deforested area.

b. Plant species from the deforested area alter conditions at the edge of the fragmented area.

c. The nutrient cycle is replenished by new species colonizing the deforested area.

d. Most native species disappear from both deforested and fragmented areas.

a) 0.34 m

b) 1.0676 x 10⁻¹⁸m³

Explanation:

a.) In a DNA helix structure, each turns contains 10 base pairs, so the total number of turns in a DNA molecule with 10⁹ base pairs = 10⁹/10 =10⁸ turns.

Ideally, in-between two consecutive base pairs, the distance is usually= 0.34nm or 0.34 x 10⁻⁹m

Therefore, the length of turns in a double-stranded DNA molecule can be calculated as:

10 x 0.34 x 10⁻⁹m = 3.4 x 10⁻⁹m

As such, for 10⁸ turns the total distance or length in meters =  10⁸ x  3.4 x 10⁻⁹m = 0.34 m

b.) In order to determine the minimum volume needed to contain this Double helical DNA, we require a space similar to a Cylinder. Hence, we need to calculate the volume of that cylinder which will be the minimum volume needed to contain it.

The distance between two-strand = 2nm = 2 x 10⁻⁹m (i.e this will represent the diameter of the cylinder )

the length represent the height of the cylinder

The volume of cylinder can  then be calculated as  =  πr²h

= 3.14 x (1 x 10⁻⁹m)² x 0.34 m

= 1.0676 x 10⁻¹⁸m³