How does geological time scientists keep track of events in earth’s history?

They use fossils and the Earth's layers to help them which is also an example of geological time. The layers tell them the history by how deep they are along with the fossils. Since the lowest layers, for example, are the oldest, scientists use this to determine Earth's age and history.

The options are:

A) leaf abscission to prevent further loss

B) early flowering to try to reproduce before being eaten

C) production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators

D) production of physical defenses, such as thorns

The correct answer of this question is- C) production of chemical compounds for defense or to attract predators

Explanation:

In response to attacks by herbivores, plants produce chemicals that are toxic to the herbivores which can even kill them or some chemicals can spread in the air and can attract the predators of those herbivores that attack that plant species.

Plants produce secondary metabolites that play an important role in protecting the plant from predators because they can be toxic and antimicrobial for example flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins. Plants do not get harmed by these metabolites because they have their own detoxification method. So the correct answer is C.