Name the 5 Forces/Sources of Evolution, or ways variation can happen:
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mutation.

random mating between organisms.

random fertilization.

crossing over (or recombination) between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Explanation:

there are usually four diffrent kinds of evolution and they are

1. mutation

2. gene flow

3. genetic drift

4. and natural selection.

Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool.

Explanation:

Hope this will help

Minimum efficient scale is 8 units.

Explanation:

Given that,

Cost function: C(q) = 64 +

Marginal cost function: MC = 2q

Average cost: AC =

                             =

                             =

The minimum efficient scale is at a point where MC = AC

2q =  

Therefore, minimum efficient scale is 8 units.