What are the warning signs of copd?

Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities

Wheezing

Chest tightness

Having to clear your throat first thing in the morning, due to excess mucus in your lungs

A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish

Blueness of the lips or fingernail beds (cyanosis)

Frequent respiratory infections

Lack of energy

Unintended weight loss (in later stages)

Swelling in ankles, feet or legs

Ans.

Robert Koch gave four postulates to determine whether a given microbe or bacterium is causing a disease or not. These are:

-The bacterium must be found in all organisms with that disease.

-The bacterium can be isolated from the host (infected person) and grown in pure medium.

-The bacterium must cause disease when introduced into a healthy individual.

-The bacterium can be recover from the individual that was infected experimentally and it must be identified as original disease-causing agent.

Thus, according to the Koch postulates, 'the next step would be recovery of pathogenic bacterium from host that was infected experimentally and identification of bacterium to identify it as original disease causative bacterium.'