For a given substance, in which state of matter is the thermal energy of the particles the lowest? Explain.

option d. it is limited to situations that involve aqueous solutions of specific compounds.

Explanation:

1) The first person to come out with the definitions of acid and bases was the Sweden chemist Svante Arrhenius, by 1883.

The model proposed by Arrhenius stated that an acid is a substance that contains hydrogen atoms and ionizes producing hydrogen protons (H⁺) in aqueous solution. A base is a substance that contains hydroxide and releases it when ionizes in aqueous solution.

Then, as you see this model (definition) was limited to situations that involved aqueous solutions of specific compounds.

2) As for the other options, the Bronsted - Lowry model is wider in range of applicatio. It focus only in the hydrogen ion (H⁺) and considers an acid a proton donor and a base a proton acceptor. This is not limited to aqueous solutions.

And the Lewis model of acids and bases is yet wider than both previous models. Lewis acids are substances that accept an electron pair, and bases are substances that donor an electron pair.