Groundwater in a formation rich in gypsum has the following composition: pH = 7.7 [Na+] = 35 mg/L [Ca2+] = 116 mg/L [SO4 2-] = 110 mg/L [Cl-] = 48 mg/L TOTZn = 65 µg/L DIC = 65 mg/L (a) Calculate the alkalinity (meq/L) of the solution. (b) Determine the speciation Zn and Ca in the solution. What are the two most abundant species of each of these elements? (c) The water is pumped to the surface and placed in an open tank, where it is dosed with 5 × 10-4 M HCl and aerated. Determine the pH, DIC (mg/L) and ALK (meq/L) of the

  the invasion of hispania began in 711 lead by an army of largely berber northwest africans under the command of tariq ibn ziyad, who landed at gibraltar and campaigned their way northward. the invaders combated the usurper roderic at the decisive battle of guadalete, with support provided to the saracens by the legitimate heirs to the throne. after establishing a foothold in the region, the initial raids began, leading to the successful conquest of much of hispania.  at that time there was no spain only little principalities that fought each other . finally in 1469 ferdinand and isabella married and united the “spanish kingdoms” and began the inquisition. just at the same time they sent christopher columbus to find india, they started burning muslims and jews who didn’t pledge allegiance to the pope of rome. it was called the “inquisition” and finally succeeded in driving the “moors” back to the arabic homeland.