Samantha is viewing a real image formed by a lens of a diamond ring. which must be true about the image?
it could not be captured on film. it is larger than the actual ring. it was formed by a concave lens. it is upside down.

The image will be upside down

Explanation:

Since Samantha is viewing a real image through a diamond ring the image would appear to be upside down because we can observe that after reflection of rays, each ray is travelling in a certain direction (and they do obey the laws of reflection). All the reflected rays from the diamond ring are interesting each other at a particular point (converging at a point) and the image that Samantha is viewing is formed at this point (converging point).  

The cation is smaller because it has less energy levels and less shielding effect.