What are the methods used to determine the boiling point of a compound?​

There are a variety of methods by which a sample's boiling point can be determined, including distillation, reflux, and by using a Thiele tube. The most straightforward method uses a Thiele tube, and has the advantage of using less than 0.5mL of material.

Distillation Method

There are simpler methods than a distillation to measure a compound's boiling point, and it is recommended to explore other options (e.g. Thiele tube) if this is the only goal. However, if materials are limited, or if a purification is planned anyhow, a distillation can be used to determine a compound's boiling point. The distillation technique is discussed in great detail in Chapter 5.

A simple distillation should suffice for most situations and at least 5mL of sample should be used in the distilling flask along with a few boiling stones or stir bar. As the bulk of the material distills, the highest temperature noted on the thermometer corresponds to the boiling point. A major source of error with this method is recording too low a temperature, before hot vapors fully immerse the thermometer bulb. 5 Be sure to monitor the thermometer periodically, especially when the distillation is active. Record the barometric pressure along with the boiling point.

Reflux Method

A reflux setup can also be used to determine a compound's boiling point. Reflux is when a liquid is actively boiling and condensing, with the condensed liquid returning to the original flask. It is analogous to a distillation setup, with the main difference being the vertical placement of the condenser.

Thiele Tube Method

There are a variety of methods by which a sample's boiling point can be determined, including distillation, reflux and by using a Thiele tube. The most straightforward method uses a Thilele tube, and has the advantage of using less than 0.5ml of material.

In balancing equations, we aim to get equal numbers of every type of atom on both sides of the equation, in order to satisfy the law of conservation of mass (which states that in a chemical reaction, every atom in the reactants is reorganised to form products, without exception). Therefore, let me walk you through question a:

_Fe + _ H2SO4 --> _Fe2 (SO4)3 + _H2

First, take a stock-check of exactly what we currently have on each side (assuming that each _ represents a 1):

LHS: Fe = 1, H = 2, S = 1, O = 4
RHS: Fe = 2, H = 2, S = 3, O = 12,

There are two things to note here. Firstly, H2 (it should be subscript in reality) represents two hydrogen atoms bonded together as part of the ionic compound H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) - this two only applies to the symbol which is directly before it. Hence, H2SO4 only contains 1 sulphur atom, because the 2 applies to the hydrogen and the 4 applies to the oxygen. Secondly, the bracket before the 3 (which should also be subscript) means that there is 3 of everything within the bracket - (SO4)3 contains 3 sulphur atoms and 12 oxygen atoms (4 * 3 = 12).

Now let's start balancing. As a prerequisite, you must keep in mind that we can only add numbers in front of whole molecules, whereas it is not scientifically correct to change the little numbers (we could have two sulphuric acids instead of one, represented by 2H2SO4 (where the 2 would be a normal-sized 2 when written down), but we couldn't change H2SO4 to H3SO4).

The iron atoms can be balanced by having two iron atoms on the left-hand side instead of one:

2Fe + _ H2SO4 --> _Fe2 (SO4)3 + _H2

Now let's balance the sulphur atoms, by multiplying H2SO4 by 3:

2Fe + 3H2SO4 --> _Fe2 (SO4)3 + _H2

This has the added bonus of automatically balancing the oxygens too. This is because SO4- is an ion, which stays the same in a displacement reaction (which this one is). Take another stock check:

LHS: Fe = 2, H = 6, S = 3, O = 12
RHS: Fe = 2, H = 2, S = 3, O = 12

The only mismatch now is in the hydrogen atoms. This is simple to rectify because H2 appears on its own on the right-hand side. Just multiply H2 by 3 to finish off, and fill the third gap with a 1 because it has not been multiplied up. Alternatively, you can omit the 1 entirely:

2Fe + 3H2SO4 --> Fe2 (SO4)3 + 3H2

This is the balanced symbol equation for the displacement of hydrogen with iron in sulphuric acid.

For question b, I will just show you the stages without the explanation (I take the 3 before B2 to be a mistake, because it makes no sense to use 3B2Br6 when B2Br6 balances fine):

B2 Br6 + _ HNO 3 -->_B(NO3)3 +_HBr
B2Br6 + _HNO3 --> _B(NO3)3 + 6HBr
B2Br6 + 6HNO3 --> _B(NO3)3 + 6HBr
B2Br6 + 6HNO3 --> 2B(NO3)3 + 6HBr

Hopefully you can get the others now yourself. I hope this helped