How did the marshall court interpret the constitution in its rulings?
it divided power equally between state and federal government.
it gave states more power over the federal government.
it gave the federal government more power over the states.
it ruled that all disputes would be handled in federal courts.

d. Extending congressional powers, limiting state powers (1819)

Explanation:

On March 6, 1819, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress could establish a bank, and that States could not tax a federal bank, extending congressional powers, limiting state powers. The rule of the courts by Marshall ensured that the federal government retained relatively strong powers, despite the political dominance of the Jeffersonian after 1800.

The major causes of the protestant reformation include that political, economic, social, and religious backgrounds.

Explanation:

... Economic and social causes: technological advances and the ways the church was collecting revenue, Political: distractions with foreign affairs, problems with marriage, challenges to authority.