What aspects of aztec society made them vulnerable to attack with the arrival of the spanish in the sixteenth century

- Their  willingness to appease the Gods.
Aztec did a lot of human sacrifice and when the Spanish arrived in 1508, the Aztecs though they were supernatural beings and were willing to do anything for them.

- Their will for independence.
While some other provinces were captured (about 38), some places decided to stay independent. Due to this, they had no allies as the Spanish and other provinces acquired. Basically the Aztec were not a united empire.

- Their isolation
The Spanish were exposed and immune to things like smallpox and influenza. Because the Aztec were never exposed, upon exposure tens of thousand were wiped out by  an outbreak.

Aztecs believed that the conquistadors were gods, so they've let them in their cities, which let to their demise

   Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries.

   Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time.

   Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the Rashidun from 632 to 661 CE, which was the reign of the first four successors of Muhammad.

   The caliphate—a new Islamic political structure—evolved and became more sophisticated during the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.