What different forms did protest against western rule take?

That mostly depends on the country that held them, however, the common forms of protest were either calm protests that weren't violent, or they were full blown civil wars of independence with numerous battles, or they were based on guerilla warfare where they would lead a war of attrition with the western powers until they decided to just leave.
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Raise and provide public money and oversee its proper expenditure. Impeach and try federal officers. Approve presidential appointments. Approve treaties negotiated by the executive branch.