Evaluate the techniques and models used by ptolemy and copernicus to explain the setup of the universe.

Ptolemy believed in the theory that the earth was the center of the universe (geocentric) and it is not moving in the center while Copernicus later proposed otherwise, in his heliocentric theory he believed that the sun was the center of the universe but it was not moving. Both theories were influenced by their observation of how the light shade from the sun changes during the day, and also through observation of other celestial bodies whose light intensity changes which made them arrived to the conclusion that they are not equidistant nor stationary with respect to earth.

Explanation:

Some scattered in various directions, and a few were even deflected back towards the source. He argued that the plum pudding model was incorrect. The symmetrical distribution of charge would allow all the α particles to pass through with no deflection. Rutherford proposed that the atom is mostly empty space.