Follow ask you to determine the major national income measures by both the expenditure and income methods. The

By Income Method : NDP fc = COE + OS + MI

By Expenditure Method : GDP mp = PFCE + GFCE + GDCF + NX

Explanation:

National Income is the total value of goods & services , produced by an economy during a given period of time.

It can be calculated by Expenditure or Income method, aa total value of goods & services produced by an economy = total expenditure by entire economy = total income by entire economy  (∵ one person expenditure is other person income)

By Income Method :

NDP fc [Net Domestic Product at factor cost]  = Compensation of Employees + Operating Surplus + Mixed Income

By Expenditure Method :

GDP mp [Gross Domestic Product at market price] = Private Final Consumption Expenditure + Government final consumption expenditure + gross domestic capital formation + net exports

Bacteria and Binary Fission-
Many single-celled organisms rely on binary fission to reproduce themselves. All bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
Budding and Hydras-
Hydras are a type of freshwater cnidarian related to jellyfish, sea anemones and corals. Hydras reproduce asexually by developing small, genetically identical polyps that protrude from the parent. These polyps break off from the parent to form a new organism in a process called "budding."
Parthenogenesis and Copperheads- Though most of the organisms that use asexual reproduction are invertebrates, several species of vertebrate animals do make use of it. Some, like copperhead snakes, can reproduce asexually as an alternative to their typical sexual reproduction. Through a process called parthenogenesis -- literally "virgin birth" -- copperhead females can give birth to live young without having been inseminated by a male, even when males are available, according to National Geographic. In this form of parthenogenesis, the polar body, or a cell produced alongside the female's egg, acts as a sperm cell and essentially "fertilizes" the egg. Parthenogenesis has been observed in several species of reptiles, birds and sharks, and is especially common in insects.