Through which clause did state governments become bound by the bill of rights?
the citizenship clause
the equal protection clause
the due process clause
the enforcement clause

The correct answer is C: The Due Process Clause.

Explanation:

From almost the beginning of the Union, and especially after the ratification of the Bill of Rights, in 1791, state governments insisted that the Constitution and the Bill only bound the federal government, but not them. As such, they were free to interpret and act as they saw fit. However, after the Civil War, and during Reconstruction, this was ended, when the Fourteenth Amendment was passed, in 1868. This Amendment held several clauses within it, including the Due Process Clause, which, according to a ruling by the U.S., Supreme Court, was the one clause that bound not just the federal, but also state governments, under the Bill of Rights. This meant that from that point on, state governments were not free to interpret the law as they pleased, without consideration to the Constitution, and they were bound, by the Clause, to fulfill the Bill of Rights.

The due process clause

Explanation:

The Freudian structure of personality at work in this situation is the superego.

Explanation:

According to Sigmund Freud, the personality has three components: id, ego, and superego. The id is the part that functions with the purpose of satisfying urges, desires, and needs. It is the only part present at birth, so we can think of it as more primitive than the others. The ego is developed from the id. It still works to satisfy the id, but in a more realistic and accepted manner. Finally, the superego is the part that internalizes moral standards, the sense of right and wrong we are taught by society, our parents, etc. It is the superego, therefore, that provides us with guidelines to make judgments and decisions.

As we can see, Ben has chosen to ignore his urge to eat a couple of cookies before dinner. Even though his id wants him to, he chooses to not do it "because it is not right." Ben is making a judgment based on what his mother has taught him. He is, thus, being guided by his superego.