Ape language must be taught laboriously, word order does not seem to matter to apes, and describing word use like "waterbird" as creative could be the product of trainer assumptions. This may support an argument that trainers of the apes might be a. underestimating the language use of apes. b. misinformed about the process of teaching language use to animals. c. using biased approaches to teaching apes language. d. making biased observations.

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