Comprehensive detail and links between structure and functions of cells and different tissue in animals

The main diffrence between their tissue is

1.Plant structure is different from the animal skeletal structure. A plant tissue is different from those in animals. Plant tissues are basically divided into two: Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue.

Meristematic tissue: These tissues comprise of cells which have the dividing capacity. They are immature and help plants to divide continuously throughout the life. Depending on the site of location, it is of three types. Apical, lateral and intercalary meristems. These meristems enlarge the cell and increase the length and width of the stem, roots and leaves.

Permanent tissue: Permanent tissues are derivative of meristematic tissue. They don’t have the dividing capability but aid in other functions like conduction of substances, storage of food etc. Two types of permanent tissues are found in plants i.e. simple and complex permanent tissue. Simple permanent tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma while complex tissues are xylem and phloem.

Animal body is made of four different types of tissues.

Epithelial Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Nerve Tissue

Epithelial Tissue: All organs in the body are lined with a group of tissues called epithelial tissues. They cover the surface of all internal as well as external organs. There are four types of epithelial tissues: Squamous epithelium, Stratified epithelium, Cuboidal epithelium and Columnar epithelium. They may be cuboidal, columnar or even flat. The main functions of these tissues involve protection, secretion, absorption, sensation etc..

Muscle Tissue: This type of tissue forms three types of muscles, namely skeletal (striated or voluntary) muscle, smooth (unstriated or involuntary) muscle and cardiac (heart) muscle. They help in movement by contraction and relaxation of muscles.

Connective Tissue: As the name suggests, they connect the different tissues, organs and parts of the body. Different types of connective tissues are Areolar tissue, Adipose tissue (fat), Blood, Lymph, Bone and Cartilage. They connect and support organs and also transport substances between organs.

Nervous Tissue: These tissues are made up of specialised cells called nerve cells (neurons). They conduct and transmit electrochemical impulses between neurons.

a) 1/64

Explanation:

If all genes are independent, we can analyze the cross of each gene to calculate the genotypic proportions in the offspring. Afterwords, we can use the Multiplication Rule of Probability to calculate the overall probability of having progeny of aabbCcDD genotype.

1/2 Aa

1/2 aa

1/4 BB

2/4 Bb

1/4 bb

1/2 Cc

1/2 cc

1/4 DD

2/4 Dd

1/4 dd

The rule of multiplication states that for independent events, the probability of all of them occurring at the same time can be calculated by multiplying the probability of each of them.

Then, the probability of having offspring with the aabbCcDD genotype will be: 1/2 × 1/4  × 1/2  × 1/4 = 1/64