In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they are not is known as: 1) negative state relief. 2) the Good Samaritan effect. 3) pluralistic ignorance. 4) the non-altruistic effect.

3

Explanation:

you can Google all of these and add the word definition at the end of each and it will give you the definition

However, the brightness of a star depends on its composition and how far it is from the planet. Astronomers define star brightness in terms of apparent magnitude — how bright the star appears from Earth — and absolute magnitude — how bright the star appears at a standard distance of 32.6 light-years, or 10 parsecs.