Is it possible that two prokaryotic organisms show phenotypic similarities, but do not share close evolutionary relatedness?

Yes. There is this phenomenon called convergent evolution wherein unrelated or distantly related organisms develop similar traits although their ancestors are unrelated. Prokaryotic organisms can also absorb DNA from the surroundings and express these genes. If these genes are also expressed by other organisms then there will be similar traits. 

I am not 100% sure but it is most likely D. Also- I like your icon