What are the common stereotypes about the masculinity?

The Joker is a very popular character with boys, perhaps because laughter is part of their own “mask of masculinity.” A potential negative consequence of this stereotype is the assumption that boys and men should not be serious or emotional. However, researchers have also argued that humorous roles can be used to expand definitions of masculinity.

The Jock is always willing to “compromise his own long-term health; he must fight other men when necessary; he must avoid being soft; and he must be aggressive.” By demonstrating his power and strength, the jock wins the approval of other men and the adoration of women.

The Strong Silent Type focuses on “being in charge, acting decisively, containing emotion, and succeeding with women.” This stereotype reinforces the assumption that men and boys should always be in control, and that talking about one’s feelings is a sign of weakness.

The Big Shot is defined by his professional status. He is the “epitome of success, embodying the characteristics and acquiring the possessions that society deems valuable.” This stereotype suggests that a real man must be economically powerful and socially successful.

The Action Hero is “strong, but not necessarily silent. He is often angry. Above all, he is aggressive in the extreme and, increasingly over the past several decades, he engages in violent behavior.”

The Buffoon commonly appears as a bungling father figure in TV ads and sitcoms. Usually well-intentioned and light-hearted, these characters range from slightly inept to completely hopeless when it comes to parenting their children or dealing with domestic (or workplace) issues.

Explanation:

The question is incomplete. The complete question is:

Question: Innate immunity:

a) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to a pathogen.

b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

c) is found only in vertebrates

d) depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to a pathogen

b) is the first and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens

Explanation:

Innate immunity is the nonspecific immune response that provides immediate and the most general protection against all types of pathogens, parasites, toxins and cancer cells. Innate immune responses serve to prevent the pathogens from entering the body. The components of innate immunity also rapidly destroy those pathogens that have entered the body.

Some of the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense such as the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The components of the second line of defense such as natural killer cells, phagocytes and inflammatory response are also involved in innate immune responses.

For example, cuticle or skin serves as a physical barrier to pathogens that come in contact with an animal’s body. Phagocytosis kills the bacteria that invade the body.