In the equation of exchange, m x v = p x q, the p represents

P in the equation represents Price level

Explanation:

The equation above is referred to as the equation of exchange.

M = money supply, V= velocity of money, P= price level and Q= real output (real GDP)

P × Q gives the nominal GDP while M×V is the effective money supply.

The total value of goods and services available in the economy (represented by the nominal GDP) is equals to the total amount of money available to purchase them (the effective money supply.

The velocity of money is the rate at which money been is used or spent for transaction purposes in the economy. It is assumed to be constant.

For example, If there exist only a $1000 note in the economy, this amount just needs to be spent once to purchase a total nominal GDP of $1000. However, if there exist just one $500 note, then it means the $500 will need to be spent 2 times to purchase the total value of goods worth $1000. The 2 is the velocity of money

This equation is also used to explain the concept of the quantity theory of money.

The theory states that if an economy is operating at the full employment level, an increase in money supply will not impact the real GDP rather it will drive up the price level up. This idea forms the basis of the position of some economists that money supply drives inflation

The assumptions of the theory are as follows:

The velocity of money is constant

The the economy is at the full employment output. This implies that the economy is using all of its productive resources efficiently

475,000

Explanation:

Hey there! For this question, we will be using the COGS and SG&A formulas.

Basic Formula: Revenue - COGS - SG&A = Pretax profits

How do you calculate the SG&A?

Well, SG & A = (Contribution - Prextax income)  

SG & A = ($400,000 - $125,000)

SG & A= $275,000

What's next?

Now, you must calculate for revenue.

Contribution margin/Revenue = Contribution Margin Ratio  

Revenue = Contribution Margin/Contribution Margin Ratio  

Revenue = $400,000/.25  

Revenue = $1.1m

Now, let's use the COGS formula.

COGS: Starting inventory + purchases - ending inventory = cost of goods sold

Revenue - COGS - SG&A = Pretax profits  

1.1m - COGS - 400k = 125k  

COGS = $1.1m - $125k - $400k

Final 1.100 Million (1,000,000)