Marginal cost is defined as:. a. total variable cost divided by total output.
b. the change in total costs from producing one more unit of output.
c. total cost divided by total output.
d. the change in fixed cost from producing one more unit of output.

b. the change in total costs from producing one more unit of output.

Explanation:

The marginal cost is the cost that incurred for generating one more additional unit of output

It could be computed as shown below:

Marginal cost = Change in total cost ÷ change in quantity

Therefore as per the above explanation, the option b is correct

And, the same is to be considered

Thus, all the other options are incorrect

Most women in the United States are religious, and most major religions in the United States doctrinally disapprove of abortion. A substantial proportion of U.S. women have abortions. Although relationships among religious beliefs, abortion attitudes, behaviors, and stigma have been found in previous research, the relationship between stigma and religion is understudied. In-depth interviews conducted with 78 women having abortions at nine sites in the United States found religion to permeate abortion stigma manifestations and management strategies identified in previous research, for religious and religiously affiliated respondents as well as those who did not claim a religious affiliation. Health-care providers, religious leaders, researchers, and advocates need to recognize the influence religion has on the experience of obtaining an abortion for all women in the United States.

Religion and abortion are closely connected in political and social discourse in the United States. Most major religions express doctrinal disapproval of abortion (The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2013a), and this condemnation is reflected in individuals’ stated beliefs; research has demonstrated a strong connection between individual religiosity and negative abortion attitudes (Adamczyk, 2013; Alvarez & Brehm, 1995; Craig, Cane, & Martinez, 2002; Emerson, 1996; Hoffman & Mills Johnson, 2005; Jelen & Wilcox, 2003; Sahar & Karasawa, 2005; The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2008; Woodrum & Davison, 1992). Recent polling found that, when asked if abortion was morally wrong, almost half of Americans said that it was (47 percent), with only 13 percent reporting that abortion was morally acceptable, and 27 percent stating that abortion is not a moral issue. Larger percentages of Protestants and Catholics reported believing abortion to be morally wrong (56 and 58 percent) and only 20 percent of those without an affiliation held this belief (The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, 2013b).