In robert frost's "birches," what does the speaker think of when he sees "birches bend to left and right"?
a. swinging from birches as a boy
b. getting lost in the woods
c. experiencing ice storms
d. the promise of heaven

The literary devices an author uses, like similes and metaphors and for what effect - how does it help them to present their idea or viewpoint in a specific way?

The type of words used in the text. Are words long and elaborate or short and easy? Are dialect words used - does the author use jargon (terms which are only understood by certain audiences)?

The connotations of specific word choices – are words being used that remind you of something else to create an effect, eg using words with connotations of death to create an ominous effect?

The appropriateness of word choice: are words being used to match the context, or to extend a metaphor? For example, if a sports report uses the metaphor of the match being a battle, does the rest of the report talk about ‘fighting’ for points, or players as ‘foot soldiers’?

Is the text written in the first person? Is the author directly addressing the reader using ‘you’?

Is the text written in the past tense or the present tense? What effect does it have?

When you identify literary devices in a text, think about how you can link them to purpose or audience; how is it clear that the writer has chosen particular words or used techniques to cause you as the reader to react in a certain way?

Explanation: