Read the passage from garret hardin’s “lifeboat ethics” the harsh ethics of the lifeboat become even harsher when we consider the reproductive differences between the rich nations and poor nations. how does hardin use an ethos audience appeal here ? a. by making his audience emotional by bringing up birth rates b. by pointing out a statistical difference in reproduction rates across nations c. by admitting that there are parts of his arguments that are harsh d. by admitting that some nations have more money than others

The answer is letter C) by admitting that there are parts of his arguments that are harsh

Explanation:

"Lifeboat Ethics" is an essay by Garret Hardin, published in 1974, in which he discusses the distribution of resources between the rich and the poor.

Environmentalists, according to the author, compare our planet to a spaceship and idealistically claim that no person or institution has the right to destroy, waste, or use more than a fair share of the "spaceship's" resources, since we all live in it.  

Hardin, on the other hand, would rather compare our planet's countries to lifeboats. The rich countries would be the lifeboats full of rich people, while the poor countries would be the poor people swimming in the ocean . The author conceived that image from the known fact that, when ships sank, rich people were prioritized to be saved.

A poor person would want to climb into a lifeboat, but there is a lot to be taken into consideration before allowing them to do so, such as the lifeboat's capacity. In the excerpt we are analyzing here, Hardin uses an appeal to ethics by considering that his argument is quite harsh in that aspect. Taking reproductive differences between the rich and the poor nations may sound quite insensitive, but Hardin sees it as an important aspect to be thought of. Ethically speaking, it may seem wrong. But if not fully taken into consideration, it may bring considerable problems to nations. In summary, Hardin does not believe equality in sharing the planet's resources could be easily achieved as the environmentalists do.

drafting: writing the draft of the essay

prewriting: deciding on the essay topic; researching and organizing the information

revising: proofreading for surface errors in grammar,spelling, capitalization, and formatting

editing: reading the essay to check the flow; polishingor rewriting, if required  

Explanation: