The Catholic Church undertook an effort to reform itself during which period?

Counter-Reformation, also called Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early 17th centuries both against the Protestant Reformation and toward internal renewal.

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the hanging and beheading of a stamp commissioner in effigy

Explanation:

The Sons of Liberty were a group of dissidents of the North American British Colonies during the early American Revolution days in Boston. When the group first formed they were known as the Loyal Nine and consisted of shopkeepers and artisans. Their name “Sons of Liberty” came after the debate over the Stamp Act in February 1765.

In August 1765 the Sons of Liberty gathered under the “Liberty Tree” where were located effigies of Andrew Oliver the public official in charge of enforcing the Stamp Act and others. They removed the effigies, stomped-on it, beheaded and burned it in a fit of anger.