Tides are periodic rise and fall of the water level in the sea which occur at regular intervals twice a day.' Justify this statement by giving answers to the following questions. a) Differentiate between Springtide and Neap tide.
b) Analyze the position of the Sun, Moon, and the Earth during Spring tide and Neap tide.
c) 'The moon exerts a larger gravitational pull on the Earth than the Sun'. Why?

a) Define Biodiversity.
b) Define planetary winds.
c) Define Crest.
d) Write any two characteristics of Desert vegetation in the UAE.
e) 'Unscientific intervention of human beings deplete our environment.' As a student suggest two ways to protect our environment in a sustainable way?

Akbar's Land-Revenue System is described in the 'Ain-i-Akbari'.
As the tax was the main source of income, Akbar entrusted Raja Todarmal to devise a new and effective method of the land revenue system.
a) What was the name of that system?
b) How did he measure and divide the land as per this system? Evaluate

The Governors of the states of India have similar functions at the state level as those of the President of India at the Union level. As the head of the state Governor exercises several powers.'
a) Who appoints the Governor and how long does he remain in power?
b) Explain any four powers enjoyed by the Governor

3/64 B- vv dd

Explanation:

We know that the alleles for all of the three traits assort independently. So we can think about them separately.

Coat color:

Let us say that the dominant allele coding for Black is B while the recessive allele coding for chocolate is b.

Parentals) Bb  x  Bb

F1) 1/4 BB, 2/4 Bb, 1/4 bb

Vision:

Let us say that the dominant allele coding for normal vision is N while the recessive allele coding for PRA is n.

Parentals) Nn   x   Nn

F1) 1/4 NN, 2/4 Nn, 1/4 nn

Hip joint

Let us say that the dominant allele coding for the normal hip joint is D while the recessive allele coding for dysplasia is d.

Parentals) Dd   x   Dd

F1) 1/4 DD, 2/4 Dd, 1/4 dd

Now, we need to know the chance that the first pup born to these dogs will be black, have PRA, and have hip dysplasia. The genotype of this individual would be B- nn dd, where the symbol - represents the dominant and/or the recessive allele.

Black coat = 1/4 BB + 2/4 Bb = 3/4 B-

PRA = 1/4 nn

Dysplasia = 1/4 dd

The probability of getting the first individual with these genotypes results from their multiplication.

3/4 B- x 1/4 vv x 1/4 dd = 3/64 B- vv dd

The product probability rule allows us to calculate the probability of occurrence of event A and event B at the same time. It is about a joint probability of two or more events that might happen simultaneously, not excluding each other. This rule is based on the dependence or independence of the events. Two events A and B are independent of each other if one of them does not affect the occurrence of the other one. For independent events, the rule establishes that, given two different events A and B, the probability of occurrence of both together is  

P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)