ATP and NADH are important energy carriers in the cell.
Sort the list of features below to indicate whether they are characteristic of ATP, NADH, or both.

1. Diffusible through the cytoplasm
2. Can donate hydrogen atoms
3. Energy stored in bonds between two terminal phosphates
4. Contains adenosine
5. Activates sugars for glycolysis
6. Two (net) molecules are generated via glycolysis
7. Supplies the electron transport chain
8. Hydrolysis can be coupled to biosynthetic reactions
9. Can transfer phosphate groups
10. Contains nicotinamide ring

1. Diffusible through the cytoplasm: BOTH

ATP is a molecule found in the cytoplasm. During the glycolysis process, two molecules of NADH are formed in the cytoplasm and are subsequently transported to the mitochondrial matrix.

2. Can donate hydrogen atoms: NADH

Cytoplasmic nadh transfers hydrogen to oxaloacetate forming malate.

3. Energy stored in bonds between two terminal phosphates: ATP

The bonds between phosphate groups like those of atp are called phosphoanhydride bonds and are used as "high energy" bonds.

4. Contains adenosine ATP

the atp is known as adenosine triphosphate

5. Activates sugars for glycolysis

ATP, by phosphorylating glucose, activates glucose with two phosphate groups (to increase its energy) so that it can be used in other processes when necessary.

6. Two (net) molecules are generated via glycolysis ATP

7. Supplies the electron transport chain nadh

In the electron transport chain each molecule of NADH is converted to 3 of ATP.

8. Hydrolysis can be coupled to biosynthetic reactions

ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi by adding water, releasing energy.

9. Can transfer phosphate groups  

ATP provides energy by phosphate group transfer

10. Contains nicotinamide ring NADH

Explanation:

1. Diffusible through the cytoplasm  - NADH

2. Can donate hydrogen atoms  - NADH

3. Energy stored in bonds between two terminal phosphates  - ATP

4. Contains adenosine  - ATP

5. Activates sugars for glycolysis  - ATP

6. Two (net) molecules are generated via glycolysis  - ATP

7. Supplies the electron transport chain  - NADH

8. Hydrolysis can be coupled to biosynthetic reactions  - Both

9. Can transfer phosphate groups  - ATP

10. Contains nicotinamide ring - NADH

ATP ( Adenosine tri-phosphate) is the energy currency of the cell. It provides energy for many cellular processes, such as glycolysis.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions to break down glucose to pyruvate. The net reaction of glycolysis is given as:

Glucose+2NAD + 2ADP +2Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H

Overall, during glycolysis four ATP molecules are produced however, two molecules of ATP are used to convert glucose to fructose 1-6 bishosphate (i.e activate sugar for glycolysis), making the net gain two molecules of ATP.

ATP can be made by phosphorylation, that is the addition of Phosphorous to Adenosine di-phosphate. Hence ATP can be broken down to ADP and Pi. It's energy is stored in bonds between phosphates. ATP can transfer its phosphate group, an example of this is during glycolysis where it transfers it phosphate group to glucose to convert it to fructose 1-6 bishosphate.

NADH is  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H). It is a cofactor and serves as electron carrier for generation of energy through the electron transport chain. The ETC is a series of electron acceptors and donors that transfers electrons in a gradient. NADH donates its electron (Hydrogen atom).

Both NADH and ATP can be hydrolyzed during biosynthetic reactions.

Explanation:

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